Recently, the International Monetary Fund projected that global growth rate will slow to 4.4% in 2022. In the dire international landscape, global recovery has remained an elusive dream since 2017, when U.S. trade wars derailed the impending expansion. Today, unwarranted geopolitics escalate tensions.
Worse, the failure to roll out vaccines could knock another $1.5 trillion from incomes across the South, according to a UNCTAD report last fall.
400 million cases, 6 million deaths, new variants
The WHO vaccination target is to achieve 70% coverage in all countries by mid-2022. Thanks to vaccine hoarding by rich countries and inadequate international cooperation, only 59 countries, most of them rich economies and some upper-middle income countries such as China, have achieved that target – as opposed to only half of lower-middle income economies and just a tenth of low-income nations.
When China contained its pandemic in February 2020, the number of total cases worldwide was still less than 90,000. Of these, 85,000 were in the insulated mainland. In other words, some 99.97% of present-day COVID-19 cases worldwide are the result of the West’s ineffective containment measures after February 2020.
While cases in China remain below 110,000, the West’s failure to contain the pandemic has already caused more than 400 million confirmed cases and nearly 6 million deaths, after four to five pandemic waves and multiple variants (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Human Losses: Covid-19 Daily New Cases
Daily New Cases (in millions)
Daily Deaths (in thousands)
Source: Worldometer, DifferenceGroup, Feb 8, 2022
Nonetheless, when the Biden administration arrived in the White House in January 2021, the expectation was that the U.S. economy would surge, the Chinese economy would slow down, and the rapidly-rising inflation was just “transitionary."
All assumptions were misguided.
United States: fast GDP growth, faster inflation
In 2021, the U.S. economy expanded faster than expected – real GDP grew 5.5%, the fastest since 1984 – as the economy continued to recover from the adverse pandemic effects. Wages grew at the fastest pace in decades, but since prices increased even more, the net effect was actually negative.
Before COVID-19, the U.S. economy was expected to exhibit some slowing. In 2021, most of the GDP expansion was accounted for by increased inventory investment and service spending. In the past two years the pandemic itself has lowered the economic output potential. During the ongoing year, GDP growth will slow because the level of fiscal support is smaller, the economy is closer to maximum employment, and the strong inventory and service gains are not likely to recur.
Worse, inflation has proved stickier than initially anticipated. In effect, since the early days of the pandemic, the Federal Reserve has made two mistakes. First, it began to cut rates belatedly only in March 2020, ignoring the WHO's early warnings. The Trump administration amplified the mistake by seeking to protect the U.S. equity market at the expense of American people.
The second mistake ensued after mid-year 2021, when inflation began to climb rapidly and the Fed characterized rising prices as transitionary. Despite accelerating inflation, the ultra-low rates were left intact (Figure 2).
Figure 2 US Inflation and Fed Funds Rate, 2012-22
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; Difference Group, Feb 8, 2022
The galloping inflation worsened in December when it rose 7% from a year ago; the fastest since June 1982. Like then, America is not coping with ordinary inflation, but stagflation: the combination of low interest rates and high inflation.
U.S. stagflation as a global risk
Worse, in addition to rate hikes, the Fed also opted for quantitative tightening (shrinking its balance sheet), as opposed to the past years of quantitative easing (expansion of its balance sheet). The double-whammy caught the market by surprise and will have challenging consequences.
● Since the Fed awoke belatedly, it may have to hike rates faster and tighten monetary conditions more than it did after the 2008 crisis. That could penalize the nascent recovery in America.
● A sustained rejuvenation of global economic prospects is predicated on growth, trade and investment. The Fed’s disruptive measures will weaken growth prospects, while the misguided U.S. trade wars will add to uncertainty, which will further undermine investment prospects.
● Rate hikes and protectionism will contribute to global uncertainty, which will penalize foreign investment, while boosting “hot money”; speculative capital flows that caused havoc in the developing world in the early 2010s.
● The combined effect could foster the return of the Republicans in the 2022 mid-term election and Trump’s comeback in 2024. Neither is good news in view of the hoped-for global recovery.
China: secular performance on track
Despite gloomy expectations in the West over China's 4th quarter data, China topped its 2021 growth (8.1% over the target of “above 6%”), despite expected deceleration in the 4th quarter. Exports and imports exceeded $6 trillion for the first time. The economy continued its recovery, despite slowing export growth on the back of a stronger yuan. China’s trade surplus with the U.S. was $397 billion; 25% higher than in 2020 (Figure 3).
Figure 3 China’s Trade Balance, 2012-22
Source: China Customs; Difference Group, Feb 8, 2022
Actualized foreign investment into China reached a new record in 2021 (20.2% year-on-year in U.S. dollar terms). Countries and regions along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) booked a 29.4% rise in their investment in China, while investment flows from Southeast Asia soared 29%. The performance was reinforced by the opening of capital markets. By December 2021, overseas investors had raised their holdings of mainland stocks and bonds by over 11% since the year-end of 2020.
Nonetheless, the 2021 Economic Work Conference in December zoomed on stabilization. Power shortage is now in control. Regulatory drive has been softened. Credit tightness will be alleviated by fiscal and monetary easing. While real estate continues to worry investors, major developers should be able to cope with liquidity pressures in the short term.
As export momentum is expected to soften, revitalizing domestic demand is now an economic priority, as evidenced by Spring Festival consumption, boosted by targeted support by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), ice and snow tourism and the Winter Olympics.
Opposing grand strategies
Since the global financial crisis, a whopping $25 trillion has been pumped into advanced economies. Additionally, the rich economies’ central banks will seek to maintain ultra-low rates, even after rounds of quantitative easing (QE). To sustain their unsustainable living standards, rich economies are taking massive volumes of debt that could set the stage for the next global depression.
After the pandemic depression, U.S. sovereign debt is 131% of its GDP. The Biden administration calculated that debt-taking is fine since rates will remain low and interest payments manageable. Now the White House must take still more debt and pay higher than anticipated interest.
As rising inflation and lingering pandemic spikes continue to subdue growth prospects, China's immediate goal is to stimulate household expenditure and boost consumer spending while extending tax cuts for small businesses to stabilize the labor market.
In the near-term, Washington has exhausted its post-pandemic economic capital and is engaged in diversionary foreign policy. It is relying on geopolitics to divert public attention away from the domestic economy, which faces huge secular pressures, and domestic politics, which are extremely polarized.
In the short-term, China has engaged in tough regulatory measures and significant social transfers, while keeping focus on economic development, which will support its secular objectives.
Two major economies, two opposite grand strategies.
