The two major powers should go beyond their differences and work together to advance global industry and offer even greater joint contributions — finding new ways to secure a peaceful, mutually beneficial relationship.

Trump's proposed tariffs on Chinese imports serve his nationalist base but ultimately act as a deceptive "shell game," shifting costs to American consumers and producers. While some industries may benefit short-term, the broader economy and middle-class Americans will ultimately bear the long-term consequences.

Beijing has put the United States on notice that China will fight to safeguard its interests. Like a giant panda, which will attack someone who pokes it in the eye, China retaliated swiftly after the Biden administration tightened the screws on technology exports. Donald Trump, who has threatened a new trade war, should take careful note.

In the run-up to the 2018 mid-term elections, then-President of the US Donald J Trump began to ratchet up the intensity of both his rhetoric and policies targeting China – more specifically, the US-China trade relationship. Castigating the trade deficit as one in which China was unfairly taking advantage of China, Trump fired his first shot in July, imposing tariffs on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods.

Trump’s old concept of tariffs originates in U.S. policies from the 19th century. He believes that he excels in the art of creating a “level playing field” to generate jobs at home. But what he is proposing would be the highest tariff level since the Great Depression.

BRICS countries, with a combined GDP approximately 1.5 times that of the United States, can be expected to retaliate against promised U.S. tariffs. These countries — many of which are major traders with China — are likely to make Donald Trump regret his bellicose bullying.

The Trump administration’s blame-driven approach to U.S.-China relations fueled mutual losses and entrenched scapegoating of China for U.S. domestic issues. Ultimately, subnational diplomacy and pragmatic collaboration are essential for rebuilding constructive ties.

The country is capable of mitigating any ill effects should Trump return to the aggressive form of his first term. China may feel some pressure, but it has built a multilayered economic defense involving domestic demand, fiscal policies, high-tech innovation and international cooperation.

As one of the United States’ closest allies in the West, Canada’s foreign policy tends to generally align with that of the U.S. With anti-China tensions building in both countries, Canada’s latest moves could end up hurting its relationship with China without a more nuanced approach.

The multilateral trading system faces an existential challenge as the United States and European Union seek to continue — or even expand — trade protectionism. If Donald Trump returns to the White House, there are good reasons to believe that he will try again to hijack the World Trade Organization. Meanwhile, protectionism by Europe only makes things worse.