The EU’s attempt to lead global infrastructure development has been costly, but still lags behind America and China’s investment programs. Europe needs to make significant changes to catch up to the world’s leading powers.

Recent high-level dialogue has set the stage for progress. Yet, the strategies employed by China and Europe show that a transformation of the international order is likely to be a prolonged process.

The global electric vehicle industry, dominated by China's rapid growth, has intensified competition, prompting the EU to investigate Chinese EVs and risking strained Sino-EU trade ties. The EU must balance climate aspirations and domestic interests while bolstering its EV industry for a sustainable and competitive future.

Europe’s dealings with China vary greatly from the level of the European Union down to each member’s policies, however explicit they may be. Germany’s role as a leader in Europe makes its own approach to China an important indicator of what the rest of the EU may do.

Italy’s Belt and Road engagement, which was led by the previous liberal administration, is coming to an end, but the inroads China has made in Italy means that creating distance can’t be done with the stroke of a pen.

Chinese Premier Li Qiang recently visited several EU nations, and his visits revealed much about where China sees opportunities to make inroads in the West, and his reception by European counterparts show some notable approaches by EU leaders to China’s overtures.

Since the Trump administration launched its trade and tech war on China, no evidence whatsoever has been revealed by state-led investigations into US allegation

The exit of Western producers from Russia led to China's increased presence in Europe, with significant benefits for Chinese manufacturers and oil companies but also raises concerns about geopolitical implications. China's expansion and the recent rise of India as an oil exporter has led to consequences for European energy security and the global economy.

For some time now I’ve believed that the best way to improve the troika of China-European Union-United States relations is for Europe to start to exercise its strategic autonomy when its own national interests diverge from its ally, the United States.

James F. Downes, Mathew Wong and Man Hoo So argue that the EU-China relationship has evolved considerably over recent years into a growing global rivalry in 2023. They argue that whilst the EU has become more interventionist towards China in 2023, there exists large divisions within the core EU institutions alongside EU member states towards relations with China.