After US tariff wars undermined the global recovery momentum in 2018, the World Bank projected in June that the world economy would only expand by 2.6 percent. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has affirmed the trade wars could wipe $455 billion off global GDP in 2020.
The adverse impact on sub-Saharan Africa is reflected by downgraded projections. In April, the World Bank cut the 2019 growth forecast for the region to 2.8 percent from 3.3 percent.
Until the commodity price slump of 2015, Africa enjoyed a decade of rapid growth. The recovery of those growth levels could take a long time due to the decline in industrial production and particularly as the US-Sino trade war is taking its toll.
Indeed, the collateral damage in Africa is about to begin.
Trade wars’ impact on Africa
Recently, Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank (AfDB), warned that the US-China trade war and uncertainty over Brexit pose risks to Africa’s economic prospects that are “increasing by the day.” Such prospects are also fueled by a recession in Germany.
Indirectly, the diminished prospects are reflected by three major economies - Nigeria, South Africa, and Angola - that make up about 60% of sub-Saharan Africa’s annual economic output. At the moment, all are coping with various challenges, curbing their contribution to the growth momentum.
Although Africa is not the direct target of the US-Sino trade war, US tariffs have typically heralded plunging commodity prices, local currencies, and major equity exchanges. Earlier in the year, AfDB warned that the trade conflicts could result in a 2.5 percent reduction in the GDP of resource-intensive African countries and a 1.0 percent reduction for oil exporters in the next two years.
As US tariffs and diminishing global prospects slow down Chinese production and thus reduce Beijing’s demand for raw materials from Africa, the prospect of slowing Chinese demand could further reduce annual exports from Africa.
The largest regional exporters to China - South Africa and Angola, but also the Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Gabon, and Nigeria, which rely on China’s need for resources for a significant chunk of their exports - are said to be vulnerable. Other African countries are as well with more than 40 percent of their exports going to China, such as South Sudan, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea and Zimbabwe. Conversely, Africa’s biggest exporters to the US - particularly Angola, South Africa, the Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea and Nigeria, which are dependent on US absorption capacity - remain particularly vulnerable.
Recently, international spotlight has lingered on those African countries that rely on Chinese trade and investment. The highlight should be extended to those countries that depend on US trade and investment, due to the dramatic shifts in US economic presence in Africa in the past two to three decades.
Disruptive changes in US and Chinese trade and FDI
Since December 2018, the Trump administration’s new “Africa strategy” has stressed three priorities: advancing U.S. trade across the region, combating terrorism, and aid reduction in the name of efficiency. The first tenet is reflected by the ‘Prosper Africa’ initiative, whose stated goal is to substantially increase trade and investment between the U.S. and Africa.
Yet to understand the real economic role of the United States and China in Africa, it is instructive to take a long view. Let’s start with trade. Between the end of the Cold War and the onset of the Bush era, US exports to and imports from Africa were less than $1 billion annually. Africa was non-existent to Washington. In the same time period, Chinese exports to Africa more than quintupled to $6 billion, whereas imports from Africa increased even faster, almost 10-fold to over $4 billion.
Prior to global crisis, U.S. trade soared to $100 billion, falling only $2 billion behind that of China. While Chinese trade with Africa was balanced, U.S. trade wasn't. America imported 2.5 times more from Africa than it exported to Africa.
Until the end of the commodity super-cycle and the collapse of energy prices, Chinese trade soared to more than $200 billion in 2015. After the subsequent plunge, it returned to $155 billion in 2017. Meanwhile, US trade plunged to $50 billion, and it remains at only $55 billion annually. China’s trade surplus with Africa is about $35 billion, whereas U.S. trade deficit with Africa is almost $13 billion. The former has led to some discontent in Africa; the latter is unacceptable to Trump's trade hawks (Figure 1).
Figure 1 US and Chinese Trade with Africa, 1992-2017
Sources: Data UN Comtrade; Chinese Customs
What about the foreign direct investment (FDI) flows? US FDI into Africa peaked at more than $9 billion in 2009. At the same time, Chinese FDI into Africa soared from less than $0.1 billion to $5.5 billion annually. Following the global crisis, the Obama administration pledged greater investments in Africa. In reality, the era saw a dramatic fall of US FDI into Africa, as it plunged to a negative of $2 billion in 2016. Concurrently, Chinese investment in Africa took a hit as well, decreasing to $2.5 billion in 2012. In 2017, US investment rose to only $0.3 billion while Chinese FDI exceeded $4.1 billion annually (Figure 2).
Figure 2 US and Chinese FDI into Africa, 2003-2017
Sources: Data from UNCTAD, BEA
In the 2018 Forum on China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), President Xi Jinping pledged $60 billion to the continent in loans, grants, and development financing. That’s when the Trump administration developed its “new Africa strategy,” which is constrained by trade protectionism and longer-standing U.S. geopolitical goals.
US decline, Chinese pragmatism
Initially, the Bush administration did push for Africa's economic self-reliance, but its “war on terror” offset that goal.
The Obama administration’s rhetoric failed to disguise the dramatic collapse of US trade and investment in Africa in the mid-2010s.
In 2014, the US pledged to invest $14 billion in Africa over the next decade. With the most protectionist administration since the 1930s, this may prove unlikely. The Trump administration’s penchant for trade wars shuns efforts to contain collateral damage in Africa. Remedies simply aren’t viable as long as protectionism remains the White House’s primary weapon.
Moreover, the $252 million funding cuts to Ebola response efforts in early 2018 illustrate the gap between the stated goals and effective actions. Finally, expectations should also be cautioned by the Trump administration’s racial bias.
For all practical purposes, the US Africa strategy is largely dictated by the concern that China has become Africa’s largest economic partner. That’s why Washington misrepresents China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Africa and elsewhere.
In the postwar era, US-led globalization did not occur without significant mistakes. In the early 21st century, the BRI is going through its own birth pains. But unlike past globalization, the BRI seeks to boost industrialization in emerging and developing countries - that is, countries that have been largely ignored by the advanced West.
In the final analysis, economic development is a win-win game; geopolitics isn't. Africa is a case in point.
